Dutchman’s breeches (Dicentra cucullaria) of the Poppy (Papaveraceae) family, formerly of the Fumitory (Fumariaceae) family, is found throughout much of the eastern U.S. from North Dakota to Maine southward to Oklahoma and South Carolina. Curiously, it is also found in Washington, Oregon and Idaho. In Arkansas, Dutchman’s breeches is found primarily throughout the Ozark Mountains, but it also occurs on northern Crowley’s Ridge and in a few scattered areas of the Ouachita Mountains. This species, the only one in the genus found in the state, is a small, showy plant found in partial to full shade of deciduous woodlands and borders with well drained neutral soils. The genus name is from the Greek for “twice-spurred” and the specific epithet is from the Latin for “hood-like”. Other common names include soldier’s cap, white hearts, and staggerweed (livestock that eat the plant stagger).
Roots of Dutchman’s breeches, an ephemeral perennial, are fibrous from within a cluster of upright bulbous tubers. Tubers are light pink and fleshy with small, uniformly scattered darker pink, elongated spots. Mature tubers produce a single leaf or flower stem. New tubers, growing upward from the base of mature tubers, do not produce leaves or stems.
Photo 1: Red arrows point to apexes of tubers from which leaves or stems have dropped when the plant went dormant. New tubers have grown at the base.
Leaves, 1¼ inches long and 1 inch wide on long petioles, have a triangular outline. Leaves are divided into three primary leaflets which, in turn, are divided into three secondary leaflets. Leaflets are deeply cut into linear to oblong segments about one-eighth inch long so that leaves appear lacey or fern-like. Leaves are grayish green to green and glabrous. Lower leaf surfaces have a lighter color than upper surfaces. Leaves yellow and disappear in early spring soon after seeds mature.
The inflorescence, appearing at the same time as the leaves, consists of leafless, arched peduncles (scapes) 5 to 10 inches long that extend well above the leaves and bear up to about 15 flowers. Flowers, on weak ¼ inch-long pedicels, are positioned upside-down on the lower side of peduncles. Pedicels have a pair of tiny, linear bracts at their middle. Peduncles, pedicels and bracts are reddish brown and glabrous. Two small ovate to spade-shaped sepals, colored the same as the petals, are pressed against the sides of the flower.
Photo 2: Leaves and stems push through the duff at the same time in early spring.
Flowers of Dutchman’s breeches are white to pink, with contrasting colors at the bottom (which is the top of the dangling flowers). The inflated, flattened three-fourths inch long corolla, when viewed in outline from the side, is dominated by two outer petals that, from the pedicel outward, arch up sharply at an acute-spreading angle (forming two opposing broad spurs), thence dropping sharply downward and inward to create an exaggerated heart shape. At the base of the heart, flowers are tightly constricted,* from which each outer petal has a small terminal wing. These wings, one-fourth the length of the heart-shaped portion, are at first positioned downward and pressed together. With anthesis, these outer wings reflex to a horizontal to up-curving position. Veins on outer petals, when viewed from the side, parallel the outline of the flowers.
Photo 3: Terminal wings of outer petals are initially positioned downward, as shown on all flowers here. Note the consistent relatively large size of these terminal wings on the various flowers.
Photo 4: At anthesis, terminal wings of outer petals of lower flowers have reflexed to reveal terminal wings of inner petals (red arrows).
Two long, linear inner petals form a tight cylinder around two stamens and a pistil. The inner petals are not seen until the terminal wings of the outer petals reflex to their horizontal position. At that time, downward-pointing wings of inner petals can be seen protruding at the bottom of the dangling flowers. Wings of the inner petals do not open so that upper portions of inner petals are not seen.
The constricted tips of the outer petals (the “base” of the heart) are yellow on white flowers and a darker shade of pink on pink flowers, with such shading extending onto adjoining wings of outer and inner petals. Nectaries are located at the base (pedicel end) of the dangling flowers between outer and inner petals. Bumblebees have the strength to push through the constricted area of the outer petals to reach nectar with long tongues. Some smaller bees take pollen only and others cut holes in the outer petals to “steal” nectar. Self-pollination also occurs.
Flowers are replaced by bean-like, half-inch inflated, dangling rounded capsules with a taper at each end. Bracts remain on pedicels as capsules dry. Dry capsules split to release black, rounded, kidney-shaped seeds. Seeds have elaiosomes so that dispersal is by ants (myrmecochory). Seeds that dry out do not germinate.
In gardens or natural areas with moist soils that are partly shaded by deciduous trees, Dutchman’s breeches would stand out whether sited by themselves or located with other spring ephemerals or evergreen ferns. The lacy foliage and unusual flowers make them a focal point in late winter/early spring. Tubers may be divided at the end of the growing season. Dutchman’s breeches are not eaten by rabbits or deer.
Note: The garden bleeding-heart (Lamprocapnos spectabilis, formerly Dicentra spectabilis) is a larger non-native species with similarly shaped yet deeper pink flowers. However, with cauline leaves as well as basal leaves, it has been transferred out of the Dicentra genus.
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* The constricted yellow area at the tip of the dangling flower is said to represent the belt of the pantaloons with the legs extending upward as if hung by the ankles from a clothes line. Thus, the common name is “Dutchman’s breeches,” a.k.a. early spring bloomers.
Article and photographs by ANPS member Sid Vogelpohl
Photo 1: Flowering stems with leaves emerge with a pinkish coloration.
Photo 2: Whorled cauline leaves surround emerging flower buds while a rhizomal leaf emerges at lower right.
Photo 3: At full bloom, light pink buds have become white flowers. Stamens are of unequal length.
Photo 4: A colony at full bloom. Immature fruit can be seen on raceme at upper left.
Photo 1: Leathery, dark green leaves of round-lobe hepatica in late fall.
Photo 2: Each stout purple projection at center of plant will produce a flower from behind each caudex bract.
Photo 3: Several flowers emerging from behind caudex bracts. Note hairiness of pedicels and floral bracts and purple color of underside of leaf.
Photo 4: The bent portion of the pedicel can be seen to be emerging first (red arrow). Floral bracts of this plant are larger than the sepals. New leaves have not yet emerged.
Photo 5: At full bloom, the first new leaf appears as a purple point (red arrow).
Photo 6: After flowering, new leaves quickly emerge. Note fruit clusters and pattern of purple veins.
Photo 1: Stems, trunks and green leaves of alder in flood zone of a perennial stream. Trunk seen on right was taken by beaver.
Photo 2: Serrulate simple leaves with distinctive veins. In late fall, male catkins (yellow arrow), female catkins (red arrow) and stalked buds (white arrow) for next year’s twigs are present.
Photo 3: In late winter, elongate dangling male catkins release pollen. Erect female catkins can be seen at top of photo above the male catkins. Stalked twig buds, still tightly closed, can be seen lower on stem.
Photo 4: Upright female catkins in mid-fall. Appearance dominated by floral scales protecting a spike of immature seeds. Seeds occur above each scale.
Photo 5: Dangling male catkins in mid-fall. Floral scales protect a spike of immature flowers. Dangling position retained throughout bloom.
Photo 6: In mid-February, the previous year’s empty dark brown seed cones remain while the current year’s dangling male catkins, stubby female catkins with exserted styles (red arrow), and stalked twig buds (white arrow) can be seen.
